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Jackpots Explained

On-line bingo has recently become progressively fashionable in the United Kingdom. Following up on the public ban on smoking, an incredibly large number of conventional bingo gaming places went belly up — this has naturally caused an incredibly large number of operators marketing online bingo as an alternate possibility. Movie star promo as reported from Jordan and Sharon Osbourne etc. have also facilitated perking up the profile of on line bingo — to the tune of some 3 million fans going for a recurrent game at their computer.

You will now see lots of online bingo web setups, one and all recommending fans really mega cool winnings and innumerous other rewards, for instance the very latest cars, theatre tickets and luxury holidays. What’s good about online bingo is that you can have a bash at it practically anytime, wherever there is a ‘Net account. Games being triggered several times per hour, you will be able to fix up bingo gracefully with regular life. To begin with people imagined that the social quality of bingo fun would surely suffer as a consequence of the decline of the conventional bingo gaming places, but in point of fact English and other bingo patrons have patently refuted all skeptical voices! An expanding number are utilising the chat rooms and forums implemented by multitudes of online bingo operators.

Here at these places everyone can forge new friendships, profit from very special contests and get fully immersed in a bingo group. What is more, surveys have attested that people are more likely to gather a million pounds when taking a stab at world wide web bingo than with alternate forms of risking a bet for instance lotto and sports betting. If you become a mite tired of bingo, an uncounted number of online bingo web setups will offer a comprehensive selection of side games. These will be anything from number games and slots, through to caption tourneys as well as fun tests. With so many alternatives to chose from, it can prove puzzling to arrive at a decision which cyber bingo outfit is likely your best choice. It will pay out to do some high level research and ascertain who is currently proposing to the most exciting promos. Hundreds of online bingo web setups will let visitors play a certain number of free bingo games or up players’ cash deposits 1:1.

If any friends of yours are making use of a particular online bingo web setup, you may want to think about teaming up as networking will certainly add to the recreation!:)

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Tie together two of men’s first interests and what you will track down is a mania customarily termed a sportsbook gambling web property. Would you know of anything that could be more inventive? If you visualize a large assembly of dudes cheering a given preferred local players, and always wagers will be computed in tandem with the hubbub. So very keen to get their share of the delights, onlookers will repeatedly attempt to surmise who is most likely to win in the upcoming tournament. In the end, this will develop into a friendly little tournament known as sportsbook gambling web property.

Agreed it might sound addictive, but, rather wagering sportsbooks is essentially only an entertainment and of forging bonds with fellow sports fans. You can risk a any minor sum of dinero and nonetheless have an outstanding time. Also, read on for many basic pieces of advice to get you going wagering sportsbooks.

To place any wager, you’ll drop by at a sportsbook gambling web property, i.e. a setup which offers sportsbook gambling web property. In the US, there’s currently no less than four states where you can go for wagering sportsbooks in a legal manner, but beyond legal you can do it everywhere providing you discover a bookie and if you are of legal age. Amongst the sporting contests you can choose to bet on are pro listed together with college football plus basketball, professional baseball, professional hockey, listed together with betting on both horse and dog racing. You’ll be able to bet on the overall tally of a contest or game, on what round any given contester will be knocked out, and even whether a given coin toss in a contest or game will land heads or tails.

The betting establishment trust the maths to help you out choose which players you may judge is most likely to win. First of all, there is the spread, in other words leverage in points allocated to the disadvantaged lineup assumed to go down by a given number points. As can be expected, there are countless classes of antes: straight, teaser lays and many more, the straight being the best known in wagering sportsbooks.

Well, why not do some test runs, and chill out at the same time? Only make sure that you won’t get too enthused and squander your total retirement fund capriciously. For otherwise it’s likely you’ll be caught bemoaning it till the end of your life. CLICK NOW for the excitement of live online sport betting and texas holdem!

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In recent articles on “Living in the Now” and “Do You Need Forgiveness” I make brought to light the following facts:

1. You always live in the Now whether you like it or not.

2. Your experience of the Now is either the real experience of who you are and where you are OR it’s the experience of a “movie” that is playing in your mind.

3. The “movie” is represented by the sum total of all the “video clips” that supposedly represent your life experience and which you “think” is the true reality.

4. This “movie” never actually took place but you “think” that it did; in fact it is only an illusion that in no way represents true reality.

5. Because you “think” the movie in your head represents your life you are weighed down by the consequences of this movie and distracted from your real existence.

6. All of this blocks you from fully engaging all of your vital life energy and your creative abilities to manifesting a “Real” and fulfilling existence for yourself.

7. Instead your vital life energy is consumed in “propping up” the movie in your head and this movie ultimately determines your fate, if you let it.

8. It is possible to completely erase the movie and thereby step out into a place of freedom where “YOU”, NOT the movie has mastery over your life energy.

So if you wish to be free and take responsibility of your power, your creative energy and your entire life then kindly visit the web link below where you can get a head start on this journey.

Anything less makes you a slave to the movie in your head and therefore a victim. How does that feel to you?

If you felt something it means that for that moment you stepped out of the movie and felt it as an observer. This is the first step to your Freedom.

Dr. Nick Arrizza is trained in Chemical Engineering, Business Management & Leadership, Medicine and Psychiatry. He is an Energy Psychiatrist, Healer, Key Note Speaker,Editor of a New Ezine Called “Spirituality And Science” (which is requesting high quality article submissions) Author of “Esteem for the Self: A Manual for Personal Transformation” (available in ebook format on his web site), Stress Management Coach, Peak Performance Coach & Energy Medicine Researcher, Specializes in Life and Executive Performance Coaching, is the Developer of a powerful new tool called the Mind Resonance Process(TM) that helps build physical, emotional, mental and spiritual well being by helping to permanently release negative beliefs, emotions, perceptions and memories. He holds live workshops, international telephone coaching sessions and international teleconference workshops on Physical. Emotional, Mental and Spiritual Well Being.

Business URL #1: http://www.telecoaching4u.com

Personal URL: http://www.telecoaching4u.com/Spirituality_And_Science.htm

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There is tons more to the UK music festivals this summer that Festival without Fields. From rock by the seaside at Edinburgh to folk and acoustic sounds at Cambridge, British Isles festivals market is in elegant health. Tickets for old favourites like Love Music Hate Racism and Maps Festival continue to be touted like hot cakes, but with Morrissey on Dot to Dot Festival Usher at Love Music Hate Racism and Jay-Z at Glastonbury the United Kingdom’s festivals are appealing to a huger age range than ever before.

To ask, what do folk wish from a music festival? Is it mind-blowing dance music so festival lovers can have fun all night, ear destroying heavy metal music for serious moshing or some spectacular soft folk music while you bask in the lovely sun? What is further principal really is the type of ambiance that you are looking for, the line ups and the facilities, all of which at different festivals vary a lot. The crucial rock festivals gets into swing usually at the tail end of April beginning of July the festival go on up & down the British countryside so there are always going to be a phenomenal festival that is near to you. There are never ever any disappointments as people of course are bound to choose an unbelievable festival that matches festival goers & what folk are seeking for.

The first time you attend a fine festival from the second you walk in the grounds to pitch your tent one might often feel this eye-opening buzz. Pop Festivals ordinarily seem to get better year after year. The only down fall that seems to get brought up year after year is the massive cost and price of chips and drink yet this cannot be helped. You are no allowed to take any of your own food or cola onto the festival site but folk are allowed to bring it into your campsite so it makes sense to eat and drink all festival hunters can before stepping into the festival grounds this way festival goers should be able to refrain from spending loads of money What makes an incredible festival great is for obvious reasons the the gorgeous weather, the fabulous atmosphere the bands and the amazing memories that festival goers are going to make along the way. Time Out offer the very best Summer Festivals tickets online.

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The exertion of going to a betting room should be reason enough to give up on it unless one must go there. Certainly the traffic, the exertion, and task list called for are too much distress for a mere chance to gamble at betting room, on the other hand, in case you are the kind that is quite frenetic about wagering then opting for online betting is probably the thing to do. Play all the best guide casino games at our virtual tables.

Here, you don’t need to go out for a stint of online games of chance for you can do all this from within your household if you own a fully functional personal computer including a working internet connection. This said, don’t get too excited yet– there’s quite a few important guidelines which you will want to train yourself in about online games of chance, in particular if you’re still a greenhorn. So, dullen all that testosterone to absorb what comes next. Here is a rough which illuminates what to be aware of if you are choosing a reputable, secure online games of chance Web page. The top priority which any cagey Web wagerer will positively hunt for is an online games of chance webpage of the category that will guarantee high winnings. Here are some alternative guidelines about singling out your virtual card-playing webpage.

You must take care to make certain the virtual card-playing webpage is licensed, for instance by scrutinizing the officially certified permit as disported on the casino site’s About page. Should it prove impossible to spot any officially certified permit on a given virtual card-playing webpage, don’t ever try to play at that place. Subsequently I would advise you soberly mull over the various bonuses that the virtual card-playing webpage offers. Yet another key tip is to try your hand initially with insignificant sums in place of using up big amounts of money off the bat. First thing, check the security measures of this particular virtual card-playing operator before running any dangerous adversity– in particular financial ones… Finally, here is another most important remark about online card playing. It is this- to bear in mind always that any kind of gambling should chiefly be about pleasurable recreation and not so much about making money. Gambling in an online casino is not a career, but, rather a pastime which can make you joyful and life in general satisfying.

If you have followed the above suggestions, you can go and give yourself up to the enticements of virtual card-playing.

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What is a Permanent Resident Card?

A Permanent Resident Card, commonly known as a Green Card, is evidence of your status as a lawful permanent resident with a right to live and work permanently in the United States. It also is evidence of your registration in accordance with United States immigration laws. The Permanent Resident Card is also called Form I-551.

What Does the Law Say?

Section 264 of the Immigration and Nationality Act provides that, “Every alien in the United States shall be issued a certificate of alien registration or an alien registration receipt card in such form and manner and at such time as shall be prescribed under regulations.”

It also states, “Every alien, eighteen years of age and over, shall at all times carry with him and have in his personal possession any certificate of alien registration or alien registration receipt card issued to him. Any alien who fails to comply with [these] provisions shall be guilty of a misdemeanor.”

The specific requirements and procedures for applying to renew an expiring permanent resident card are set forth in the Code of Federal Regulations [CFR] at 8 CFR 264.5.

Who Should Renew a Permanent Resident Card?

You should renew your permanent resident card if you are a permanent resident who was issued a Form I-551 valid for ten years, and that card is either expired or will expire within the next six months.

If you are a Conditional Resident and your status is expiring, these instructions do not pertain to you. You are to use Form I-751 (Petition to Remove the Conditions on Residence) to apply to remove the conditions on your permanent resident status.

How Do I Apply to Renew My Permanent Resident Card?

If you are a lawful permanent resident whose ten-year I-551 has expired or will expire within the next six months, you may renew your card by filing an Form I-90.

What If I am Outside of the United States?

If you are outside the United States, and your permanent resident card will expire within six months, (but you will return within one year of your departure from the United States and before the card expires), you should file for your renewal card as soon as you return to the United States.

If you are outside of the United States at the time of the card’s expiration, and you have not applied for the renewal card prior to your departure, you should contact the nearest American Consulate, USCIS office, or Port of Entry, before attempting to file Form I-90 for a renewal I-551 card.

How Can I Find Out the Status of My Application?

If you have immigration-related questions, you may call the USCIS National Customer Service Center (NCSC) at 1-800-375-5283. You should be prepared to provide the USCIS staff with specific information about your application, such as your receipt number, Alien Registration Number, name, and date of birth. Please click here for complete instructions on checking the status of your application. Or, you may check the status of your application online at Case Status Online. Please remember that an E-Filed receipt number may not be available through Case Status Online for 72 hours.

If My Application is Denied How Can I Appeal?

If your application for a renewal of your permanent resident card is denied, you will receive a letter that will tell you why the application was denied. You will not be allowed to appeal a negative decision. However, you may submit a motion to reopen or a motion to reconsider with the same office that made the unfavorable decision. By filing such a motion, you may ask the USCIS office to reexamine or reconsider its decision.

A motion to reopen must state the new facts that are to be provided in the reopened proceeding and must be accompanied by the appropriate documentary evidence. A motion to reconsider must establish that the decision to deny your application was based on an incorrect application of law or Immigration policy, and further establish that the decision was incorrect, based on the evidence in the file at the time the decision was made. For more information, please see How Do I Appeal the Denial of Petition or Application?

Can Anyone Help Me?

If advice is needed, you may contact the District Office near your home for a list of organizations who can assist you with the preparation and filing of your application.

John Glas is a director of a company focused on helping employers target, qualify, and attract foreign prospects to their businesses. John is a regular contributor to industry publications on jobsearch. He is also a student of employment trends and best practices. His consulting work has spanned a wide variety of industries and recruiting challenges with companies in Europe, the US and the Middle East.

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The Communication Process
Communication is defined as a process whereby information is exchanged between individuals through a common system of symbols, signs, or behaviours. Human communication is the process of making sense out of the world and sharing that sense with others. The process involves three components: verbal, non-verbal, and symbolic.

Verbal communications are the primary communication skills taught in the formal education system and include such things as reading, writing, computer skills, e-mail, talking on the phone, writing memos, and speaking to others. Non-verbal communications are those messages expressed by other than verbal means. Non-verbal communications are also known as ‘body language’ and include facial expressions, posture, hand gestures, tone of voice, smell, and other communications perceived by our senses. We cannot not communicate and even when we don’t speak, our non-verbal communications convey a message. Symbolic communications are demonstrated by the cars we drive, the houses we live in, and the clothes we wear (e.g. uniforms - police, military). The most important aspects of symbolic communication are the words we use.

Words, in fact, have no meaning; rather we attach meaning to them through our own interpretation. Therefore our life experience, belief system, or perceptual framework determines ‘how we hear the words.’ Rudyard Kipling wrote, “Words are of course, the most powerful drug used by mankind.” In other words, we hear what we expect to hear based on our interpretation of what the words mean.

According to social scientists, verbal communication skills account for 7% of the communication process. The other 93% consist of nonverbal and symbolic communication and are called ‘listening skills.’ The Chinese characters that make up the verb ‘to listen’ tell us that listening involves the ear, the eyes, undivided attention, and the heart.

Listening is described in numerous studies as the most prominent kind of communication. It has been identified as one of the most frequent problems in marriage, one of the most important in family and social settings, and one of the most important on-the-job communication skills. Often people think that because they can hear, listening is a natural ability. It is not. Listening effectively requires considerable skill and practice and is a learned skill. Listening skills have been described as either ‘listening with our hearts’ or ‘hearing between the words.’

Listening is a process that consists of five elements: hearing, attending, understanding, responding, and remembering. Hearing is the physiological dimension of listening that occurs when sound waves strike the ear at a certain frequency and loudness and is influenced by background noise. Attending is the process of filtering out some messages and focusing on others. Understanding occurs when we make sense of a message. Responding consists of giving observable feedback to the speaker such as eye contact and appropriate facial expressions. Remembering is the ability to recall information. Listening isn’t just a passive activity; we are active participants in a communication transaction.

Practical Steps For More Effective Listening
1. Talk less. One of my students used to say that when she facilitated classes she always told her students that God gave you one mouth and two ears - that should tell you something.
2. Get rid of distractions. If it is important for you to listen, do everything you can to eliminate internal and external noise and distractions that interfere with careful listening.
3. Don’t judge prematurely. All of us are guilty of forming snap judgements and evaluating others before hearing them out especially when the speaker’s ideas conflict with our own.
4. Look for key ideas. We think much faster than people speak. To help focus attention (rather then drift off in boredom) extract the central idea.
5. Ask sincere questions. ‘Devil’s advocate’ questions are really statements or criticisms in disguise. Sincere questions are requests for new information that clarifies a speaker’s thoughts or feelings.
6. Paraphrase. Reword the speaker’s thoughts in your own words to make sure your interpretation as a listener is accurate.
7. Suspend your own agenda. In other words, while you are listening, concentrate on what the speaker is saying not what you think.
8. Empathic listening. Empathic listening is knowing that given the same set of circumstances you might have done the same thing. It is the ability to experience the world from the other’s point of view. It doesn’t necessarily mean that you agree, but that you understand.
9. Open your heart with love. Often we listen to score points and make ourselves right and the other person wrong. When we open our hearts to each other, we do so with the belief that we are all the same. We have the same feelings, fears, and hurts: doing the best we can with what we know.

Gwen Nyhus Stewart, B.S.W., M.G., H.T., is an educator, freelance writer, garden consultant, and author of the book The Healing Garden: A Place Of Peace - Gardening For The Soil, Gardening For The Soul. She owns the website Gwen’s Healing Garden where you will find lots of free information about gardening for the soil and gardening for the soul. To find out more about the book and subscribe to her free Newsletter visit www.gwenshealinggarden.ca

Gwen Nyhus Stewart © 2004 - 2005. All rights reserved.

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As recently as just a few years ago, consumers needed a different monitor or screen for watching movies, for playing video games, or for watching television and for computing. That’s no longer the case. An LCD TV in the UK with a TV tuner allows you to enjoy virtually all your entertainment and audio-visual devices from one location, saving you space and money. If you live in university housing or a small flat, or if you just want to save space, an LCD TV in the UK with a built-in TV tuner is a simple way to accomplish all those goals.

Here’s an example of how versatile a UK LCD TV with a TV tuner can be: you combine video from a PS2, an Xbox 360, cable TV, a DVD player, and the PC - all into one LCD monitor. You can watch TV with picture-in-picture mode while you work on your computer, then with a touch of a button switch over to playing an Xbox or PS2 game. Finished with the game? Toggle back to the TV feed or to your computer.

Here’s an important consideration: many standard LCD monitors will accept television feeds through appropriate cabling, but you’ll need a cable box or cable converter to decode digital-TV signals. A UK LCD TV with a TV tuner overcomes that hurdle. Space limitations (for instance, determining where you have room to put the cable box) is a good reason to have the tuner built into the television. Also, if the tuner is built into the monitor, you’ll only need one remote control.

Keep in mind that an LCD TV UK with a TV tuner built in will cost approximately 20 percent more than a monitor without a TV tuner.

Here are some examples of some models of LCD TV UK you can purchase that come complete with TV tuners:

1. Sony TV Tuner/Monitor MFM-HT75W - UK version: A flat panel LCD monitor with a 17″ widescreen display, this model offers Digital S-video inputs, is HDTV capable, and has a remote control.

2. Sony TV Tuner/Monitor MFM-HT95 - UK version: A flat panel LCD monitor with a 19″ widescreen display, it is HDTV capable, has Digital S-video inputs, an SXGA display, and a remote control. Average retail price is approximately $720.

3. Philips 17PF8946 17″ Widescreen HD-Ready Flat-Panel LCD TV UK with PC Input: A flat panel LCD with a built-in tuner, it also has a built-in FM tuner and built-in speakers.

4. Magnavox 15MF605T/1 15″ HD-Ready UK LCD TV with HD Component Video and PC Inputs: A flat LCD panel with a built-in tuner, the small size of this monitor makes it a great fit for tight spaces. It allows picture-in-picture viewing along with built-in speakers, and even comes with a V-chip for parental viewing controls.

Where can you find an LCD TV in the UK? Major retailers like Curry’s and Richer Sounds carry a large selection LCD TVs in the UK. You can also try online electronics retailers, and frequently can find great deals at online auction sites like ebay.co.uk.

Roger Wembley writes for www.biglcdtvs.com. Grab your free insider’s report on LCD TV and LCD Television news there today.

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The Science of Living Better Forever by Davis Goss

It would seem that everybody has nagging problems that they’d
give anything to be rid of. But too few know how to do it and in
their frantic search for the elusive “something” that might
resolve them they find that their efforts are less than
effective and too often produce more frustrations than solutions.

Not only are these struggles non-productive, they are completely
unnecessary. I know. I’ve been there!

Years ago, I was sure that I had more than my fair share of
problems and felt that I was trapped between the sword and the
wall with no means of escape. But, gratefully, I found that
there IS a way out!

I recalled that one of the things that impressed me most from my
old college physics books was that this universe operates in
absolute harmony with irrevocable natural laws and principles
that have not varied throughout all time. I reasoned that
because I am an integral part of this perfect universe, there is
no reason why I shouldn’t be able to experience the same
predictable harmony, balance and perfection and be free of all
conflicts, problems and their resultant pressures, anxieties and
fears.

I found that Webster defines natural laws and principles as,
“the creative and controlling forces of the universe” and to
believe that these laws and principles could somehow be set
aside or be flawed would be to deny their very absolute,
all-inclusive, irrevocable nature. I could interpolate this to
mean, then, that success, prosperity, freedom and a
pressure-free way of life are as natural to us as wet is to
water.

Simple logic compels us to conclude, then, that if problems were
supported by any irrevocable law or principle, problems would be
equally absolute and could never be resolved. We know from
personal experience that this is not the case.

>From this, I made an exciting discovery. I discovered that there
is only one primary cause of all problems. When this root cause
is understood and properly applied, all problems, regardless of
their nature or apparent severity, will disappear like
snowflakes on a hot griddle. I know. I’ve been there

Here was the key element missing from all traditionally accepted
self-help, personal development and problem solving techniques
that are not built on a scientific foundation.. This discovery
fills this void and renders all other methodologies more
effective and productive.

For more than 40 years I have field tested, fine tuned and
proven the viability of this discovery to the benefit of a
widely diverse personal, professional and corporate client base
that has included many of the giants of American business.

Being rooted in the very basic structure of the universe, the
laws and principles of this discovery operate with absolute
accuracy and predictability. When these “creative and
controlling forces of the universe” are allowed to impact our
affairs, the resolution of any problem is assured.

Details of this discovery are disclosed in my book, “The
DYNAMICS of ACHIEVEMENT”. This book is unique in its content and
format. It identifies these “natural laws and principles” in an
orderly continuity of facts, logic and reasoning This scientific
approach leads to irrefutable conclusions that establishes a
firm foundation on which to build permanent harmonious life
experiences.

======================================== Davis Goss “The Science
Of Building Harmonious Life Experiences”

Click here www.davisgoss.com Contact me: davisgoss@cox.net

The Science of Living Better Forever by Davis Goss

It would seem that everybody has nagging problems that they’d
give anything to be rid of. But too few know how to do it and in
their frantic search for the elusive “something” that might
resolve them they find that their efforts are less than
effective and too often produce more frustrations than solutions.

Not only are these struggles non-productive, they are completely
unnecessary. I know. I’ve been there!

Years ago, I was sure that I had more than my fair share of
problems and felt that I was trapped between the sword and the
wall with no means of escape. But, gratefully, I found that
there IS a way out!

I recalled that one of the things that impressed me most from my
old college physics books was that this universe operates in
absolute harmony with irrevocable natural laws and principles
that have not varied throughout all time. I reasoned that
because I am an integral part of this perfect universe, there is
no reason why I shouldn’t be able to experience the same
predictable harmony, balance and perfection and be free of all
conflicts, problems and their resultant pressures, anxieties and
fears.

I found that Webster defines natural laws and principles as,
“the creative and controlling forces of the universe” and to
believe that these laws and principles could somehow be set
aside or be flawed would be to deny their very absolute,
all-inclusive, irrevocable nature. I could interpolate this to
mean, then, that success, prosperity, freedom and a
pressure-free way of life are as natural to us as wet is to
water.

Simple logic compels us to conclude, then, that if problems were
supported by any irrevocable law or principle, problems would be
equally absolute and could never be resolved. We know from
personal experience that this is not the case.

>From this, I made an exciting discovery. I discovered that there
is only one primary cause of all problems. When this root cause
is understood and properly applied, all problems, regardless of
their nature or apparent severity, will disappear like
snowflakes on a hot griddle. I know. I’ve been there

Here was the key element missing from all traditionally accepted
self-help, personal development and problem solving techniques
that are not built on a scientific foundation.. This discovery
fills this void and renders all other methodologies more
effective and productive.

For more than 40 years I have field tested, fine tuned and
proven the viability of this discovery to the benefit of a
widely diverse personal, professional and corporate client base
that has included many of the giants of American business.

Being rooted in the very basic structure of the universe, the
laws and principles of this discovery operate with absolute
accuracy and predictability. When these “creative and
controlling forces of the universe” are allowed to impact our
affairs, the resolution of any problem is assured.

Details of this discovery are disclosed in my book, “The
DYNAMICS of ACHIEVEMENT”. This book is unique in its content and
format. It identifies these “natural laws and principles” in an
orderly continuity of facts, logic and reasoning This scientific
approach leads to irrefutable conclusions that establishes a
firm foundation on which to build permanent harmonious life
experiences.

=====================================================

For more than 40 years Davis Goss has been a creative consultant
with particular expertise in problem solving. His latest book,
“The DYNAMICS of ACHIEVEMENT”, outlines the details of his
unique problem solving methods that are based proven scientific
principles.

Davis Goss “The Science Of Building Harmonious Life Experiences”

Click here now===> www.davisgoss.com Contact me:
davisgoss@cox.net

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As a thought experiment, let us ask: What did God have to do to make the universe? In the broadest possible sense, the question of emergence is how the radically nonclassical world of quantum mechanics or quantum gravity gave rise to the world of classical physics, which in turn gave rise to complex biological systems, which in turn gave rise to conscious beings like us.

“Strong emergence” is the view that rejects both reductionism and dualism and claims to occupy a middle ground. It says that under the right physical conditions, new properties, entities or laws with novel causal powers come into existence.

Many on both the reductionism and dualism side doubt the very idea of such a middle ground, and they are even more suspicious of the idea that strong emergence could be of any real scientific value. Opponents of strong emergence claim that either it is supposed to be a brute fact that these new features come into existence or such emergence can be explained by science. These critics say that if the former is true, then strong emergence is just mystery-mongering and scientific defeatism.

But on the other hand, says the critic, if so-called strong emergence can be explained by science then it whatever “it” is is not anathema to reductionism. To explain is to reduce what else could scientific explanation be if not reduction? On the contrary, the kind of strong emergence that I have defended claims that strongly emergent phenomena can be explained by science, but the explanation in question is not a reductive one.

Thus, strong emergence has to provide nonreductive scientific explanations for emergent phenomema and not merely assert explanatory gaps as explanation. Defending such a view requires rejecting the Platonic idea of transcendent fundamental physical laws that govern all phenomena in favor of an explanation of natural processes that is more contextual and relational.

Current scientific attempts to work out this contextual and relational understanding of natural processes include some embodied and embedded accounts of mind in cognitive science and accounts of biological complexity specifically dynamics systems theory that argue for the equal importance of genes, environment and organism in biological development. Strong emergence will ultimately stand or fall on such scientific grounds.

But does strong emergence, if it can be proven, have any theological significance? If one defines strong emergence as being about brute features of reality forever beyond natural scientific explanation, then a theist can try and use such an explanatory gap to argue for the existence of God. For example, if consciousness is a feature of reality beyond scientific explanation, then perhaps the existence of God is the best explanation for its existence.

Notice that if defined in this way, intelligent design proponents are paradigmatic purveyors of strong emergence about living processes. However, if we define strong emergence as I have advocated for above, then there are no in-principle explanatory gaps that need to be filled in by supernatural causes. Strong emergence so defined is no friend to the “God of the gaps” strategy.

Strong emergence does not preclude theism. Furthermore, some process-oriented theologians, or theologians who view the universe as a divinely inspired creative process manifested in evolutionary terms, might find strong emergence lends comfort to their conception of the Godhead.

Michael Silberstein is an associate professor of philosophy at Elizabethtown College and an adjunct at the University of Maryland. This article was written for Science & Theology News.

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