UND-Pilsa Blog

A highly efficient way of storing and distributing domestic hot water at mains pressure throughout your home is provided by the Unvented cylinders system.

Unlike the open vented cylinders including the Worcester combi boilers which are open to the atmosphere via its vent pipe and from the cold water storage cistern/tank the cylinder’s cold feed pipe the unvented cylinders aren’t open to the atmosphere.

With the low pressure open vented cylinder it takes time to heat up while these mains pressure cylinders provides a quicker heat recovery.

Water pressure supplied from the mains supply and not from storage cistern/tanks gives the unvented cylnder much pressure to the outlets (taps/faucets and shower heads) than the storage fed open vented cylinders.

To ensure the safe operation of the system the unvented hot water storage cylinders requires a number of safety devices unlike the open vented cylinders.

Unvented hot water cylinders ‘three tier’ safety devices:

• 60-65 degrees celsius setting of cylinder thermostat
• 80-85 degrees celsius high temperature cut-out setting
• by closing off the 2 or 3 port motorized valves or by shutting off the boiler is the high temperature energy cut-out thermostats way of cutting the heat source.
• resetting of the temperature energy cut-out device is done manually
• 90-95 degrees celsius and 6-8(600-800 Kpa) bar of pressure relief is a cylinders temperatures pressure reliefe valve setting for operation.
• the expansion relief valves and the temperature/pressure relief is run via internal tundish to a safe discharge point. Because of posible high water temperatures this pipeworks must be metal not plastic.
• preventing of back flow of hot water to the cold domestic/residential and mains supply is a non- return/check valve
• maintaining the system’s required operating pressure is a pressure reducing or limiting valve
• preventing any form o solid matter entering the system and causing valve ovbstruction is a line strainer

If problems occur excess pressure and hot water must be discharge properly and the hot water temperature, water expansion and water pressure must be accomodated and monitored because these unvented cylinders are ’sealed from the armosphere’.

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Windows PC’s or other PC’s have had a extensive tradition of not running satisfactorily after some time and that keeps getting worser and worser. It can be experienced in several ways. PC start up that drag, login that never happens, software failing, blue screens and webpages that never materializes. This happens to nearly all pc’s during their lifetime. And yes, it may happen for your PC.

Trying to resolve a slow laptop manually sometimes could be incredible frustrating and is not always advisable. Computer maintenance is simple if you have a good idea about what you need to try. Thus be 100% sober before you read on! Firstly recognize the problem or the several problems which is creating slow pc to work slower.

There are many easy and low-cost ways to speed up a slow pc and there is also computer software that can handle the job. The fix to your slow PC will be separate depending on your os aka ms windows version and computer software installed. Try searching Bing and other search engines for this matter of slow computer’s but also go looking at my list. This is a short list that i created that could be used as a starting beginners guide. Subsequently, here is my list of general topics:

Check that there is no less than a few hundred MB’s of hard drive space avaiable. Run a disk defragmentation tool or something like that to help make sure that there is nothing physically wrong with your harddisk. Remove or turn off any applications that you do not use. Be careful not do disableimportantsoftware. Make sure you have all the most up-to-date Windows updates installed in the computer. Also sometimes a quicker browser can optimize a slow laptop. Try eg. Mozilla Firefox that often uses fewer ressources on the Computer. Also a full mirror of your PC is a must before you begin speeding up your PC.

These are the frequently seen reasons for a slow pc. However, they reasons are not sorted in any exact order of importance. Summarily your pC can runmore rapidlyand never be as slow as a turtle. Luckily there is something you can do to fix a slow and irritating pc.

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Be sure to visit our tremendous site for USB over Power line instructions.

Founded in nineteen ninety eight and based in British Columbia, Canada, Icron® anticipated and improved upon the capabilities of USBs for the twenty-first century. Previously USB range was just under 16 feet, a limitation that Icron has overcome: the range today can be stretched to a mile and a quarter. The company belongs to the USB Implementers Forum and its community. It says a lot that of all the designs studied by that body, the sole product that was awarded their full approval was Icron’s ExtremeUSB extension technology. Such an accomplishment reassures our customers about the standards that we strictly adhere to.

It would not be unusual to discover oneself using an Icron product for various roles. To demonstrate, a couple of examples of the usage of Icron’s USB technology include interactive digital signage, PC to TV connectivity and isolated USB. The industrial and commercial remunerations will be excellent if the technology can be made more available. As a consequence, Icron has made every effort to make its products as accessible as possible.

Should you be looking for alternative configurations, OEM embedded hardware, developer kits and others, they and other examples are available as part of the ExtremeUSB kit. The Ranger and Rover extenders can be re-named if it is required. There are numerous USB power and safety options like a power adapter that ensures protection against electricity and isolation between the host and device. An example that demonstrates Icron’s inventiveness is the WiRanger cable free 2.0 hub, which enables a wireless link between devices including hard drives, scanners and isochronous web cams. The majority of USB hub devices — at variance with the WiRanger — do not provide a combined package with wireless capacity and an in-built industrial radio (802.11g). With a maximum range of over 30 m, a speedy connection and no cable difficulties, the package is in the vanguard of its field. The WiRanger through its power and cable-less capabilities greatly increases your effectiveness. Icron’s WiRanger is the latest addition to a fresh legacy of USB extension resolutions. Aside from establishing the benchmark for USB technology, Icron’s peripherals are built to withstand physical and electrical catastrophe’s. Chiefly, Icron’s goal is to develop solutions to difficulties that might restrict the deployment of USB technology.

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IT Equipment is a tremendous investment for most companies, in particular if it requires network equipment and the Internet to trade. As well as the original cost, IT equipment needs maintenance and updates and this often has to be outsourced. And naturally having your computers off-line whether for scheduled upkeep or emergency repairs is bound to result in a pretty painful highly unwelcome loss in profit.

Buying used computer hardware and other related items helps businesses to keep costs down, specially start-ups and professionals setting up a business alone due to the vast investments they’ve already made. Therefore, buying refurbished servers and second-hand external hard drives is particularly sound. They can buy these items at a fraction of the price and they’ll operate every bit as well as the most recently launched servers. When you opt for a piece of second-hand equipment, you can rest assured it will run just as you want it to. If you can do without the hassles that come with the newest technologies, finding a specific brand or model may sometimes seem impossible. If you are dealing with providers who actually have refurbished servers and second hand information storage, the process is no hassle at all. Let them know if you have any preferences with regard to a specific server, manufacturer or other characteristics.

It is common knowledge that brand-new networking equipment is frequently bugged, and some of it just isn’t very good. System shutdown due to patching and upgrades is not unusual after the purchase of brand new equipment. In fact it is not uncommon for companies to simply absorb the loss and replace that new networking equipment entirely after a fruitless attempt at deployment.

Of course with second-hand servers, second-hand data storage, and second-hand network computer hardware, you can choose an item which is known to be dependable be it a used Juniper or some second hand HP 9000 servers. You won’t need to spend time dealing with the bugs associated with the current networking equipment. Reliability isn’t an issue either as everything is carefully checked before being shipped.

Getting experienced providers is of paramount importance. Do some research and find a company with experience in the industry. By doing this you can be assured of finding top quality hardware. A warranty also helps, just in case.

The evidence shows that the benefits of investing in used networking equipment are more than just monetary. Therefore make the effort to look at second-hand hardware and, of course, your best IT financing options when you are looking for brand-new hardware.

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There are 2 critical things to contemplate when acquiring a brand new telly. First, what size TV are you wanting to buy, and secondly whether to purchase an LCD, Plasma or LED television. Find a diverse assortment of technology products such as; TVs, laptops and sat nav from leading brands online.

The first thing to chew over is the specific size of the television you are interested in. Nowadays a great number of people are picking to buy flat panel models; however the older bulky TVs are still currently on sale in several stores. The actual size is one of the most key attributes to mull over when obtaining a new TV. A 22″ TV might not be a practical idea for a big living room; then again a seventy-two inch model is probably a bad option for a little bedroom. Besides, if you put 50″ television into a small room the clarity will indeed be affected. This is because of the reality that bigger screens are not supposed to be viewed up close. Another essential thing to think about is the viewing ratio. Many favour 16:9 or wide screen, whilst others favour the 4:3 traditional viewing ratios.

As soon as you have chosen what size TV is okay for you and your needs, you should pick what exact type of television you are after. The 3 most fashionable options are LCD, Plasma, or LED. LCD tellies are definitely one of the most fashionable options to be had. The retail price of both LCD and Plasma telly has plummeted in the last couple years. LED tellies on the contrary are still expensive, despite the fact that they are undoubtedly the most energy efficient selection. LCD and Plasma TVs both have points for and against. For instance, plasma TVs can only be acquired in sizes larger than forty-two inches, meaning that if you plump for a smaller telly you ought to pick an LCD or LED unit. LCD products use a significant amount less electricity than that of a similar spec plasma model; but Plasmas have noticeably better viewing angles. The quality may also be different depending on the make as well. A Sony LCD TV may look superior to a Samsung LCD TV; but Samsung Plasmas might look superior to Sony Plasma TVs. The life of both LCD and Plasma televisions is understood to be in the region of fifteen years. The asking prices are almost the same, though recently Plasma products have seemed to be fairly cheaper.

TV quality can vary from brand to brand plus by size. Price can also be different even within one size. Overall, the purchase of a TV is an incredibly personal decision. The ideal way to pick a telly is to examine the TVs next to each other.

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Electronic picture frames are the electric brother of the original photo-album. These electric pieces of technology are terrific Xmas presents and are also brilliant when it comes to offering to your best friends and relations, so make a move and get aboard the electric photo frame excitement.

Why choose a digital picture frame: If you are like me you more than likely take lots of photos of the family and friends. The conventional style photographers displayed these pictures was by procuring photo album after photo album. Nonetheless, with the development of digital camera technology, taking images immediately became a great deal cheaper meaning a lot more images are being taken than ever before. A digital photo frame allows you to display 100s or possibly 1,000s of digital snaps within one device that looks almost exactly the same as a conventional photo-frame.

What sizes are on offer when it comes to digital picture displays: Presently you are able to get photo frames varying from 5″ through to thirteen inches in size. Digital picture displays can be purchased in a mixture of looks to blend in with any residence, workspace or requirement. Digital photo frames are portable and with little effort can be put wherever you may want them. Capturing images of the little ones and your grandparents has never been so simple.

Which features must I be looking out for on a digital picture frame: Typical qualities that you will certainly need from your digital picture display comprise of a significant quantity of incorporated memory and a memory card slot capable of integrating with high-capacity memory cards. The majority of photo frames are capable of using SDHC, MMC, SD, MS, CF, XD storage cards on top of a USB interface that can be used with the interior memory and installed memory card. You should also be on the look out for a long-lasting battery and speedy charging unit. A variety of the newest digital photo frames incorporate the option to play video and have integrated speakers. The quality of the displays are ever-increasing and with every development of photo frames you should buy the greatest resolution on the market so that your photographs always look their best.

Which photo frame ought you pick: Which manufacturer and what size picture frame you eventually select is dependant completely on what you need to utilise it for. If you desire a smaller device to put in your rucksack you should look into acquiring one of the small sized digital photo frames due to the fact that they typically are smaller and more straightforward to move about. If you happen to be trying to find a centrepiece frame to be placed on your mantle piece then you are without a doubt going to require the largest digital picture frame that will fit on your mantle piece. Regardless of what the style of your household, you will still be able to find a picture frame that blends in without any problem. Find a substantial number of technology products such as; digital photo frames, iPod Classic and 37 LCD TVs from leading brands online.

What price could I presume to pay for a digital frame: Value normally is dependant on frame size therefore you will discover prices ranging from £50 all the way through to three-hundred pounds. As with any technology items if you buy cheap, you may buy twice so cutting back on price now possibly will result in frustration down the line.

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Is it true the ipod video (fifth gen ipod) will hold a charge for up to 20 hours? Let’s see!

First of all the legal fine print on Apple’s iPod page explicitly refers to the 60 Gb iPod Video only being able to play (hold a charge in the battery) up to 20 hours. I would bet with all of its legal woes on the horizon this claim from Apple that the “new iPod boasts up to 20 hours of battery life, five hours more than before” is legally valid in a controlled test environment.

But consumers don’t live in a controlled test environment, which is why I would not be surprised if your new ipod video (fifth gen ipod) will NOT hold a charge for 20 hours.

The legal keyword here is “up to”. So even if the battery lasts an hour Apple is legally covered!

On the new 5th Generation iPod battery performance has to now be measured with: music playback, photo playback, and video playback (on iPod screen or through a TV).

Apple claims that the new 30GB iPod will play music for 14 hours, photo and music slideshows for 3 hours, and iPod on-screen video for 2 hours. In a iLounge test they found that the new iPod Video played music for 15 hours and 30 minutes, photo slideshows for 2 hours and 32 minutes, on-iPod video for 2 hours and 10 minutes, and iPod-to-TV video for 3 hours and 10 minutes.

Apple also claims that the new 60GB iPod will play music for 20 hours, photo and music slideshows for 4 hours, and video for 3 hours. Again in In a iLounge test they found that the new iPod Video played music for 19 hours, 50 minutes, but exceeded Apple’s photo and video claims, playing a music photo slideshow for 4 hours, 47 minutes, iPod-screen video for 3 hours, 23 minutes, and on-TV video for a hefty 5 hours and 24 minutes.

But everyone may experience slightly different battery life play times. For example here is a situation from a user quoted from the Apple fourms:

“It is clear that when you use the click wheel a lot, you assume that your battery life gets smaller quickly. I had a problem with my ipod 5G 30Gb battery life : Firstly, I charged it (as soon as i received it) until the plug icon appeared on the screen (1h 30mn) . Then I listened music ’til it was fully discharged. The battery life was approximately 8hrs. Then, this battery life decreased to 5hrs last day. I called Applecare ; the guy told me to restore my ipod, then to let it discharge fully, and to refill it for 4 hrs even if the plug icon appear on the ipod screen. After that, I synchronized ipod to itunes and let it play allnight long to see the battery life now. It played music with default settings during 15hrs ’til it shut down. These are the Apple specifications for that ipod. My problem wasn’t the battery, but the battery life calibration, which has not been done as it should.”

The reality is all batteries including batteries designed specifically for iPods (regardless of generation) have a certain amount of capacity and once the full amount of the capacity has been used then your battery will stop working. This is the normal function of battery designs.

In fact consider this taken from Apple iPod Warranty Care: “Your one year warranty includes replacement coverage for a defective battery. You can extend your coverage to two years with AppleCare Protection Plan. During the second year, Apple will replace the battery if it drops below 50% of its original capacity. If it is out of warranty, Apple offers a battery replacement for $59, plus $6.95 shipping. Apple disposes your battery in an environmentally-friendly manner.” So basically Apple is correctly telling you that your battery will die with time and use. No questions about that; and that Apple is telling you that your battery replacement plan will cost you a total of $59, plus $6.95 shipping. Folks: Before you pay that amount go to BatteryShip.com and replace your battery for far less!

The admittance by Apple that your ipod battery will dies is based on real limitations of the battery’s internal design.

Before I discuss the limitations of the battery’s internal design there are external limitations that reduce the playtime of your iPod Video - personal usage. Yes running your iPod Video, even under normal usage, will reduce your iPod Video’s playtime. Personal usage has way too many variables to describe here but in short - the way you use your iPod will determine, in part, how long your iPod battery will last.

Now on to the techincal internal battery design limitations…

Battery Capacity

The more the better (and more expensive), however there are a number technical limiations that force the iPod Video battery to cap off at where it is at.

A key requirement to know is the necessary battery capacity and runtime. This will define the overall physical size of the battery. Apple chose to ignore this rule and due to its desire to make the iPod as small as possible forced battery manufacturers to comply to the physical space limitations first instead of the runtime specifications. It traded capacity for space.

Capacity and runtime is measured in Amperes. Amps - or A - is an abbreviation of Ampere, a 19th century French scientist who was a pioneer in electricity research. Amps measure the volume of electrons passing through a wire in a one second. The electrical current is measured in amperes, where 1 ampere is the flow of 62,000,000,000,000,000,000 electrons per second!

Amp hours - or Ah - measures capacity. Amp hours is what is ultimately important to consumers as it is the capacity or amp hours that tells us how long we can expect a battery to deliver a charge before it runs out. As with all metric measurements, Amps can be divided into smaller (or larger) units by adding a prefix, in this case by adding an “m” to the amp hour we are renaming the amp hour to milli amp hour: mAh; (1Ah = 1000 mAh).

In addition when we consider the design capacity we must determine the chemical needed to insure that the necessary runtime will be met. Lithium is used because of its electrochemical properties. Lithium is part of the alkali family of metals a group of highly reactive metals. Li reacts steadily with water. In addition the per unit volume of lithium packs the greatest energy density and weight available for this grouping of reactive metals.

iPod batteries that have a chemistry design of either lithium ion or lithium polymer will over time regardless of usage will experience power loss to the point of non-functioning. In fact contained within your ipod battery is a design and chemistry make-up that impacts your battery life far more than your usage activity and there is no amount of conditioning you can do to prevent the ultimate power loss of your ipod battery.

Here is another situation from a user quoted from the Apple fourms:

“Recently, my iPod battery didnt seem to be lasting anywheres near 18 hours, so I tested it, and after about 4 hours the meter was still 3/4 of the way full, so i did the math and figure it was fine. My question is though, is it normal for the iPod to loose quite a bit of battery power without turning it on, because i lost about 1/8 of the life without using it for the past two days.”

The reason why this occurred is due to elevated self-discharge as we will see below but let’s first continue on our discussion.

We know that batteries are rated by their voltage, their mAh, and of course the chemicals contained within. These three technical facts about your battery give some insight into the actual life of (energy stored within) your battery. But the length of time an ipod battery can operate is not linear to the amount of energy stored in the battery.

In fact their are four ongoing problems with your ipod battery that affects performance and the extended battery life of your ipod. They are: declining capacity, increasing internal resistance, elevated self-discharge, and premature voltage cut-off on discharge.

These are more complex issues that are beyond user control and are wholly contained within your ipod battery and within your ipod itself! As we will see these issues (declining capacity, increasing internal resistance, elevated self-discharge, and premature voltage cut-off on discharge) do more to cause iPod Battery Degradation and iPod Power Loss than your typical iPod owner could ever do.

Declining Capacity

Declining capacity is when the amount of charge a battery can hold gradually decreases due to usage, aging, and with some chemistry, lack of maintenance. iPod batteries are specified to deliver about 100 percent capacity when new but after usage and aging and lack of conditioning a pda battery’s capacity will drop. This is normal. If you are using an ipod battery (or any lithium-ion or lithium-polymer battery) when your battery’s capacity reaches 60% to 70% the pda battery will need to be replaced. Standard industry practice will warranty a battery above 80%. Below 80% typically means you have used the practical life of a battery. Thus the threshold by which a battery can be returned under warranty is typically 80%.

Loss of Charge Acceptance

The loss of charge acceptance of the Li ion/polymer batteries is due to cell oxidation. Cell oxidation is when the cells of the battery lose their electrons. This is a normal process of the battery charge creation process. In fact every time you use your ipod battery a loss of charge acceptance occurs (the charge loss allows your battery to power your ipod). Capacity loss is permanent. Li ion/polymer batteries cannot be restored with cycling or any other external means. The capacity loss is permanent because the metals used in the cells run for a specific time only and are being consumed during their service life.

Internal Resistance

Internal resistance, known as impedance, determines the performance and runtime of a battery. It is a measure of opposition to a sinusoidal electric current. A high internal resistance curtails the flow of energy from the battery to a pda device. The aging of the battery cells contributes, primarily, to the increase in resistance, not usage. Expect a typical life span of a Li ion/polymer battery to be one to three years, whether it is used or not. The internal resistance of the Li ion batteries cannot be improved with cycling (recharging). Cell oxidation, which causes high resistance, is non-reversible and is the ultimate cause of battery failure (energy may still be present in the battery, but it can no longer be delivered due to poor conductivity).

Elevated Self-Discharge

All batteries have an inherent self-discharge. The self-discharge on nickel-based batteries is 10 to 15 percent of its capacity in the first 24 hours after charge, followed by 10 to 15 percent every month thereafter. Li ion battery’s self-discharges about five percent in the first 24 hours and one to two percent thereafter. At higher temperatures, the self-discharge on all battery chemistries increases. The self-discharge of a battery increases with age and usage. Once a battery exhibits high self-discharge, little can be done to reverse the effect.

Premature Voltage Cut-Off

Some iPods do not fully utilize the low-end voltage spectrum of an ipod battery. The ipod device itself cuts off before the designated end-of-discharge voltage is reached and battery power remains unused. For example, a ipod that is powered with a single-cell Li ion battery and is designed to cut-off at 3.7V may actually cut-off at 3.3V. Obviously the full potential of the battery and the device is lost (not utilized). Why? It could be something with elevated internal resistance and iPod operations at warm ambient temperatures. iPods that load the battery with current bursts are more receptive to premature voltage cut-off than analog equipment. High cut-off voltage is mostly equipment related, not battery.

So to sum up will your iPod Video play up to 20 hours - yes. Will it play for 20 hours straight - more than likely - no. So what do you do - accept it or don’t buy the iPod.

Dan Hagopian of Batteryship.com authored this article. http://www.Batteryship.com offers PDA Battery Replacement Kits with tools and instructions for iPod battery, iPAQ battery, Clie battery, Palm Battery, Axim battery, Treos, and Blackberries

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A cell phone user can download polyphonic ringtones to his handset from various sources like the Internet, other cell phone users, ringtone providers, etc. Most of the ringtone providers offer downloading of ringtones for a charge. The ringtone providers need to pay royalties to the recording companies for the original tune and spend money for the coding of the ringtone. Moreover, they have to pay the network provider to make the ringtones available for the end-users.

Polyphonic ringtones can easily be pirated, as they can be transferred easily via infrared transfer through the network or by manually coding the notes in phone with a composer. Free polyphonic ringtones, the first choice of every end-user, are the most popular. The reason, obviously, is that that they are free. Paid polyphonic ringtones are available from a number of ringtone providers. Most of the premium providers charge much more for polyphonic ringtones than for monophonic ringtones. However, there are some who provide cheap polyphonic ringtones.

Web.tiscali.it has thousands of cheap polyphonic ringtones in its database. The site adds hundreds of new tones every week, and the tones are available for nominal prices. Another site, www.plusone.com, is treasure of high quality affordable ringtones; www.comparestoreprices.co.uk offers the lowest of prices among all of the polyphonic ringtone providers. Another major provider of inexpensive polyphonic ringtones is www.gaiaworld.com.

For a mobile phone user, the most inexpensive way to acquire a polyphonic ringtone is via infrared transfer. It costs him/her nothing but a little power. Conversion software available on the Internet allows a user to convert mp3, wave, and MIDI files to cell phone polyphonic ringtone or to compose his own polyphonic ringtone on a PC. These tones can be transferred to the phone using a data cable or IR port.

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